|
|
| Silicon | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p2 |
| Ground state | 3P0 |
| Atomic Volume | 12.1 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.90 |
| Magnetic ordering | Non-magnetic |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.6 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -4.49 x 10-11 |
| Speed of sound | 8433 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 439.3 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 39.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 383.3 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 19.789 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 149 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 2.6 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Mohs hardness | 6.5 |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 100 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 47 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | No data. |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 0.26197 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.52 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 144 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
8.151 |
| Second
|
16.345 |
| Third
|
33.492 |
| Incompatibilities | Chlorine, fluorine, oxidizers, calcium, caesium carbide (Cs2C2), alkaline carbonates. |
| Flammability |
|
| Combustible Solid in powder form
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
1.73998 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 0) |
1.73938 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 1.7) |
1.83594 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
0.06 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 0) |
0.089 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 100) |
0.06 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
110 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
111 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
111 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
210 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
102 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 4 | IV | 0.4 | 0.26 | * |
| VI | 0.54 | 0.4 | R* | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Si+2, Si+4 |
| Other
|
|
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
786.5 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1577.1 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
3231.4 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4355.5 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
16091 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
19784 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
23786 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
29252 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
33876 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
38732 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| Si-H
|
326 |
| Si-C
|
301 |
| Si-O
|
486 |
| Si-F
|
582 |
| Si-Cl
|
391 |
| Si-Si
|
226 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1908 | 2102 | 2339 | 2636 | 3021 | 3537 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Diamond |
 |
a = 543.09 pm |
| b = 543.09 pm | |
| c = 543.09 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |